For Byrne, Sense and Sensibility is clearly a satire-the novel in general and Marianne in particular. A frenzy fit is not one quarter so pernicious it is an exercise to the body and if not too violent, is I dare say conducive to Health in its consequences-Run mad as often as you chuse but do not faint-”Īng Lee’s famous and emotional affecting film version of Sense and Sensibility is among the most highly regarded of Austen adaptations, yet the Austen scholar Paula Byrne commented that Austen “would be turning in her grave” to see it! Byrne’s approach to the novel follows Austen’s teenage burlesque Love and Freindship, an outrageously satirical treatment of “sensibility” exemplified in the opening passage above. Keywords: Jane Austen, René Girard, mimetic theory, generative anthropology, mimesis, mensonge romantique, méconnaissance GA leans toward the “serious” reading and mimetic theory toward the “satirical.” I hope that in exploring Austen’s “double effect” I can bring out the best in both perspectives. Interestingly, generative anthropology (GA) and mimetic theory create their own “two audiences” effect with Sense and Sensibility. Since this is also an effect of the gospel narratives (here I follow the biblical exegesis of Jeremiah Alberg), Austen’s double effect operates as a “gospel hermeneutic.”
Instead, Austen entangles all readers in problematic interpretations, facilitating moral engagement and introspection. However, contra Girard, this does not mean that there is a “dull” audience that doesn’t get Austen and a “clever” one that does. Marianne exemplifies Girard’s mensonge romantique (romantic lie) and méconnaissance (misrecognition), which come to apply to many more characters than Marianne, and ultimately to ourselves as readers. Austen’s double effect in Sense and Sensibility might offer a valuable corrective to Girard, while preserving and extending his mimetic insights. Yet Girard’s “two audiences” premise is hobbled by a certain expository arrogance, which has also been critiqued by Richard van Oort. This “double effect” resonates strongly with René Girard’s premise of “two audiences,” wherein the literary masters both reveal and obscure mimetic truth. Thus, two markedly divergent readings of Sense and Sensibility emerge, particularly regarding Marianne Dashwood, a serious one and a satirical one, and they are not easily reconciled. Except for low-level street sellers, TNT's had little impact on drug dealers.Nagoya, Austen offers an outrageous satire of “sensibility” in her teenage burlesque Love and Freindship, then a more realistic treatment in Sense and Sensibility.
#Speediness intensifies crack#
Regarding specific responses to TNT's, unless TNT's or uniformed patrol officers remained on the block, crack sales would often resume within a week, but with a new set of street sellers and low-level distributors. Strategies to counter specific police tactics involve countering the "observed buy," checking for marked money, police stops of suspected sellers, the stopping of automobiles of suspected sellers, the setup, the sustained investigation, and the surviving of the buy and bust. Strategies to avoid police involved cooperation among sellers in warning about police, lookouts and shared warnings, shifting word usage by street sellers, the stashing of drugs being sold, stop selling when police are present, the use of intuition and training to identify police, and seller explanations of routine police behaviors. The findings are discussed under three main headings: seller strategies to avoid police, seller strategies to counter police tactics, and specific responses to TNT's. During interviews, subjects were asked several standard questions about how they managed to avoid police and arrest. The sellers were interviewed in New York City at the end of the 1980's and early 1990's during a period when a major investment was made in arresting and prosecuting crack sellers, principally through the development of Tactical Narcotics Teams (TNT) and special anticrack and antidrug squads. More than 300 different crack sellers and distributors were observed systematically in the field, and more than 120 were interviewed extensively.
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